Never seen that happen before, I’m wondering if it’s a cache issue. Either way, I’ll be able to get it fixed.
I checked the source code from the page and it appears to be your Featured Image. Removing the featured image should remove that image from showing up completely. I’ve never heard of another image appearing in it’s place after removing the first one. I’m interested to see what’s going on.
Is it possible to create a Temporary Login? If so, I can take a quick look at what’s going on, and I’m sure I can get it fixed.